Over time organs can initiate new growth axes, such as when serrations or leaflets develop in more complex leaves ( Barkoulas et al., 2008 Kierzkowski et al., 2019), or lateral roots emerge from the primary root ( Scheres et al., 2002). In leaves, development is thought to be coordinated by polarity fields oriented from leaf base to tip ( Kierzkowski et al., 2019 Kuchen et al., 2012). A similar effect has been demonstrated for a variety of cell types in the Arabidopsis root ( Marhava et al., 2019). Ablation of cortical cell initials in the root meristem causes the neighboring pericycle cells to divide and fill the available space, subsequently adopting the fate associated to their new location ( van den Berg et al., 1995). For example, root morphogenesis appears to be controlled by an organizing center at the root tip that provides founder cells and positional information to the growing structure ( Scheres et al., 2002). This phenomenon may be even more pervasive in plants as cells cannot relocate within organs and must decide their fate based on their location. Many aspects of animal morphogenesis are thought to be controlled by positional information ( Wolpert, 1969), where cells can sense their position in a developing organ and respond accordingly. These coordinate systems introduce an organ-centric spatial context to microscopy data, allowing gene expression and growth to be quantified and compared in the context of the positional information thought to control them.
#IMAGE SMITH V2.2 SOFTWARE#
Here, we present recent advances in the MorphoGraphX software (Barbier de Reuille et al., 2015) that implement a generalized framework to annotate developing organs with local coordinate systems. Understanding how positional cues guide morphogenesis requires the quantification of gene expression and growth dynamics in the context of their underlying coordinate systems. This offers a plausible mechanism for the integration of the molecular networks operating in individual cells into the spatially coordinated multicellular responses necessary for the organization of emergent forms. In developing organs, positional information can be idealized as a local coordinate system that arises from morphogen gradients controlled by organizers at key locations. The footage and audio are not synced, COPA said.Positional information is a central concept in developmental biology. “I told your dumb- I’d shoot you,” the unnamed cop also additionally says. Smith and the off-duty cop fight after the would-be thief attacked the officer. “You thought I was playing, I told you I’d shoot you,” the officer says. “I don’t want to die.”Īfterward, the officer yells out for someone to call the police as she continues to admonish Smith for attempting to take her gun, the footage showed. “Damn, baby, I’m sorry,” a wounded Smith replies, adding moments later. The off-duty cop holds her gun as Smith wrestles with her on Jan. The off-duty officer then says, “I told your dumb- I’d kill you,” as she fires the third and final shot. “I’ll kill you,” she told Smith before the shots rang out.Īfter the first two shots go off, Smith says, “you got me, you got me,” according to audio and video of the incident released by the accountability office. 17 after the suspect appeared to grab her gun minutes after she broke up a fight among four people - including the alleged thief, officials said.Īs the two wrestled and fell to the ground, the handgun went off and hit 39-year-old Leevon Smith, according to Chicago’s Civilian Office of Police Accountability (COPA).
The police officer issued the threat on Jan. Off-duty rookie NYPD cop involved in fatal shooting dies by suicide on Staten IslandĬhicago police officer shot and killed while responding to domestic call: officialsĪn off-duty Chicago cop warned a potential robber she’d kill him, and then followed through on that pledge when she fired three shots at the man, footage from the wild scene showed. Veteran NYPD sergeant shot by ‘Loco Larry’ in 1986 officially retires Mother of Utah man killed by police had similar encounter year before: report
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